• FAQ Nicoll
• Ask Dr. Nina: Protein Powders
• Ask Dr. Nina: Congestion and antioxidants
• Recovery Strategies
• Recovery Strategies Part 2
• Injury Prevention
• Lower Leg Injuries, by Dr. Jenn Turner
• Dr. Paul Wiggins- low back pain
• Shin Splints
• Achilles Tendonitis
• Iliotibial Band Friction Syndrome
• Plantar Fasciitis
• Hip Flexors
• The Foam Roller
• R.I.C.E.
• Lactate Balance Point Testing
• Running Strong: For starters
• Moveo: Collaborative Health Care
• Salt of Life

Anatomy
The achilles tendon is the large tendon at the back of the leg that connects the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, collectively known at the ‘calf’ muscle, to the heel. The achilles tendon’s primary function is to transmit the force from the calf muscles to the foot. Achilles tendonitis occurs when the tendon becomes inflamed as a result of increased stress usually from running or jumping. We should be sure to differentiate achilles tendonitis with achilles tendonosis. Achilles tendonosis a chronic condition characterized by pain and thickness in the achilles tendon with any weight bearing activity. It is not an inflammation, and therefore, different and more aggressive treatment techniques may be used.

Symptoms
Achilles tendonitis is one of the most common injuries in middle aged athletes who are involved in running or jumping sports. The initial symptom of achilles tendonitis may be felt as gradually increasing discomfort about 2-3 cm above the heel during running or jumping. In the beginning, pain dissipates when the activity is stopped, but the achilles may become stiff and sore after a period of rest. As the tendonitis persists, the tendon becomes swollen and hot during and after activities.

Causes
Common factors that result in achilles tendonitis are tight calf muscles, abnormal foot and lower leg biomechanics, improper training, inadequate foot ware, and age. Tight calf muscles increase the pull on the tendon at rest and abnormal foot mechanics that lead to over pronation during running result in extra strain on the tendon with running, walking, or jumping. Runners commonly have trouble with achilles tendonitis if they increase their mileage too soon or are too aggressive with hill running. Properly fit foot ware is essential to compensate for over pronation and to provide cushioning and support for the heel. Achilles tendonitis is more predominant in athletes aged 35-60 because with age, tendons and muscles become less flexible, have less blood supply, and are more susceptible to injury.